A Devastating Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1153 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Decades of growing political tension around the issue of slavery between North and South culminated in the form of Civil War on April 12, 1861 when Confederate artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina which belonged to the Federal government. The war was fought from 1861 to 1865. It was a conflict which divided the United States into two parts: Union (North) which was led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Confederacy (South) which was commanded by Jefferson Davis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Devastating Civil War" essay for you Create order All the states involved in the war supported their sides valiantly. Both groups were eager to win and establish their way of law and order in the country. However, people in all states specially those residing in the Southern states such as Texas etc had to face enormous difficulties in this political based ruthless war which not only led to the bloodshed of thousands of men, women and children but also caused intense damage to the infrastructure and economy of US. In the US Civil War life in the Confederate states (South) was disastrous and the state of Alabama provided significant economic and military support for the Confederacy which it joined in 1861 after seceding from the Union. Life in the South during the Civil War was a time of almost universal suffering and sacrifice. For almost one million Southern men fought for the Confederacy, their lives were mixture of adventures and hardships. About one third of them aged between eighteen and twenty five. Just a few days into the war, these young men faced homesickness combined with reality of war: cold, hunger, bloodshed and boredom often interrupted with a great risk of death. However, not all men had to endure the tough sufferings of fighting. The Exemption clause in Confederacys Conscription act allowed thousands of urban men such as blacksmiths, shoe makers and tanners to stay back home due to keep the daily business and activity alive in Southern cities such as New Orleans and Montgomery. Before the Civil War, women were seldom seen as head of families. They lived under protection of their husbands or fathers and were expected to marry, have children and take care of the home. However, with the men on the battlefields, the women in the South assumed new responsibilities which were strenuous for them. They worked the fields on farms, supervised plantations, at ordinance factories , became teachers in schools and plenty of them served as nurses in the army to help wounded soldiers recover. They also got involved in activities such as making care packages for the soldiers in the war which consisted of food, clothing, blankets, boots and other essentials. During the war, many slaves armed themselves and started terrorizing white women and children since there were very few white men to stop them. A Louisiana native Kate Stone described in her journal that once three black Negroes armed with weapons broke into their house only to terrorize, loot and vandalize. (Yancey 40). This created a sense of isolation and terror among women. The South also suffered immense food shortages. The Union had imposed a complete blockade on Southern ports which stopped the flow of goods. It also faced heavy inflation levels due to extreme printing of money. Faced with the fear of not being able to afford what they needed, people started hoarding which made goods more valuable and added to the inflation. For example, flour which costed $6 a barrel in 1861 sold for $500 a barrel in 1865 (Yancey 22). The state of Alabama provided vital economic support for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Just like today, the economy of the state was mostly based on agriculture. Alabama was known as ?The Cotton King as cotton was grown in large amounts which helped in earning huge sums of money due to its high value as it is a cash crop. Although Union imposed a blockade in the South, cotton grown in Alabama was exported to Europe as raw material which helped to earn funds. Alabama also had fourteen mills by 1860, with the largest ones being in Tallassee and Prattville. During the war, the Tallassee mills supplied cloth for uniforms for the Confederate Army, and in 1863 a carbine rifle manufacturing facility also was constructed there. Alabamas antebellum metal manufacturing industries also played an important role. These factories not only provided jobs but manufactured iron sheets, tin and copper products agricultural and domestic consumption (Encyclopedia of Alabama). During the civil war , these factories provided pig iron to the ordinance factories in Selma to make weapons. Therefore, Alabama utilized all of its resources to increase Confederacys earnings. Alabamas military services for the confederacy are perhaps the most important of all. The Selma Ordnance and Naval Foundry, also known as the Selma Naval Foundry and Ironworks and the Selma Arsenal and Gun Works, was a leading manufacturing center for the South during the Civil War. It was a manufacturing depot for ammunition, shot, shell, canon, powder, canteens, and clothing. The ordinance factories also produced canons meant for coastal defense such as 6.4 and 11 of the 11 inch Brooke canons (Sledge 122). The gunboats Gains, Selma and Morgan and the famous CSS Tennessee were built and outfitted in Selma. These Confederate ships took part in the Battle of Mobile Bay. The worlds first submarine to sink a warship CSS Hunley was also built and tested in Mobile, Alabama. H.L Hunley with the help of an engineer McClintock who was from New Orleans designed two submarines. H.L Hunley imported sorely needed guns and ammunition from Cuba for the submarine (Walker 10). Manpower was Alabamas most significant military contribution to the Confederacy. Alabama sent more than 120,000 soldiers to fight and 29% of the men never returned home (Gillon 98). Thus it outlines, Alabamas big sacrifice for the South. Alabama produced one of the finest Confederate officers in both the army and navy. Alabama born Lt. Colonel John Pelham was given the title ?Gallant Pelham after the Battle of Fredericksburg due to his superb commanding techniques (Encyclopedia of Alabama). The famous war hero, General James Longstreet was one of most prominent generals in the Confederate army. Although he was not a native Alabamian, he moved to Morgan County in Northern Alabama with his mot her after his fathers death (Wert 25). Alabama provided the Confederacy with four major generals: John H. Forney, Henry D Calyton, Robert Rodes, Jones M Withers and commissioned 36 Brigadier Generals such as John Pegram and Alexander Peter Stewart (Alabama Department of Archives and History). The Civil War was devastating for the South. It left all states including Alabama in state of ruin. Approximately 620,000 people died in the war including the non combatants. People suffered all sorts of pain on both sides either by struggling to survive or by loosing loved ones. The State of Alabama performed a vital role and its sacrifices and services for the Confederate cause are priceless. The Civil War left the whole nation in shock and we should all vow to never let history repeat itself.

Jehovah s Witness Home Has Its Ups And Its Downs

Growing up in a Jehovah s Witness home has its ups and its downs. Whether your parents are Jehovah s Witnesses or they started having a bible study, there are plenty of up sides and down sides. Religion is a strange thing to deal with; it is also a choice for each and every individual on this planet. As a Jehovah s Witness, you must put gods will first, before anything. In the publications â€Å"Questions Young People Ask: Answers That Work† Volumes from The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, are actual young people who are Witnesses; they express the ups and the downs. These publications refer to scriptures in the New World Transcription of the Holy Scriptures Bible, (or in any bible you may have at home) as well as other information in encyclopedias and dictionaries. Overall, The Young People Ask Volumes go over topics such as dealing with family, identity, the classroom, sex, morals and love, behavior, feelings, physical change, money, time, and worship to thei r God; Jehovah. (Young People Ask Vol. 1 and 2) The faith in a youth as a Jehovah s Witness depends on how badly they value a friendship with God, their conscience and what they chose to do, and not to do as well as what to believe, and not to believe. In school, for example, youths may or may not be afraid to share their belief as a Jehovah s Witness. A Young man named Kaleb expressed that there were plenty of time for him to talk about his beliefs, yet he let those times pass (121). Why? YouthsShow MoreRelatedReligious Conflict Between The Nazis And Jehovah s Witnesses1575 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah s Witnesses, and homosexuals,† states The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 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There are many religions in Singapore considering the fact that many ethnic groups exist. That is to say, there are many religions in Singapore as a result of their different beliefs. It is home to ten religions. ComingRead Moreloss and grief2960 Words   |  12 Pages Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance and later added to more, Shock and Testing. The stages are set up in the following way – Shock Stage – The first response in hearing the unpleasant news, the person may freeze and be unable to take in what is being said. Denial Stage – This is a defence mechanism it is the refusal to accept what has happened. Anger Stage – This is when the person will suffer feelings of rage and may look for someone to blameRead MoreEssay on Liberty University Bibl 323 John Module 7 Notes9691 Words   |  39 Pagesthose you gave me.’ Then Simon Peter, who had a sword, drew it and struck the high priest’s servant, cutting off his right ear. (The servant’s name was Malchus.) Jesus commanded Peter, ‘Put your sword away! Shall I not drink the cup the Father has given me?’ Then the detachment of soldiers with its commander and the Jewish officials arrested Jesus. They bound Him and brought Him first to Annas, who was the father-in-law of Caiaphas, the high priest that year. Caiaphas was the one who had advisedRead MoreEssay on HNC Social Care Grief Loss3644 Words   |  15 Pagesor illness, gaining a criminal record (identity loss), losing our job, home or ending a relationship; we all experience loss that will trigger grief but some experiences can be less in tense. Kubler-Ross (2005) argued that there were five stages of grief, these being the following stages: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance. She believes these five stages of grief are part of the framework that makes up our learning to live with the one we have lost and feels these stages make

Tax Incentives For Mergers And Acquisitions Of Companies Accounting Essay Example For Students

Tax Incentives For Mergers And Acquisitions Of Companies Accounting Essay Business restructuring is an built-in portion of the new economic paradigm. As control and limitations give manner to competition and free trade, rationalisation and reorganisation are a necessary accompaniment. The different principles for concern combinations, acquisitions, amalgamations, by-products, divestitures and demergers co-exist without any contradiction. In the words of Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, Corporate Restructuring is one of the agencies that can be employed to run into the challenges and jobs which confront concern. The jurisprudence as evolved in the country of amalgamations and mergers has recognized the importance of the Court non sitting as an appellant authorization over the commercial wisdom of those who seek to restructure concern. Amalgamation is but simply one of the many signifiers in which corporate restructuring may happen. The term by and large denotes an agreement whereby the assets of two companies vest in one.The more specific legal term used in Companies Act, 1956 is amalgamation , in which two or more companies are fused into one by amalgamation or by taking over by another.Amalgamation may happen either by the transportation of two or more projects to a new Company, or by the transportation of one or more projects to an already bing company. Strictly talking, merger does non embrace within its range the mere acquisition by a company of the portion capital of another, go forthing the latter to go on its project. However, the context in which the term has been used clip and once more may bespeak that it is intended to include such an acquisition.On the footing of the implicit in aims and modes involved, farther categorization of the different sorts of corporate restructuring is besides possible, like Leveraged Buy-Outs ( LBO ) and Management Buy-Outs ( MBO ) etc. Amalgamation may besides take topographic point as a portion of reconstruction of two or more companies. The term coup detat, though distinguishable from amalgamation as per the proportion of acquisition, keeping of control and the modes involved, is frequently considered to be a portion of the wider look mergers and acquisitions or M A ; A . Assorted growing schemes are adopted by companies as portion of their restructuring programs. In instances where the bing portfolio is sought to be retained, the schemes by and large adopted include joint ventures, rights issue, new equity and penchant issues. But in cases where the corporation is taking at revamping its expression, it goes for amalgamations, merger and direction buy-outs. There are several advantages in amalgamations and acquisitions ( M A ; A ) cost film editing, efficient usage of resources, acquisition of competency or capableness, revenue enhancement advantage and turning away of competition are a few. While coup detats are regulated by SEBI, M A ; A falls under the Companies Act. Companies frequently undertake M A ; A to acquire the benefit of carry frontward and set off of operating losingss or revenue enhancement recognition. Amalgamation, being a concern combination, attracts particular intervention in assorted financial legislative acts. The term signifies the creative activity of an entity, which either took in its crease the bing concern of other entities or the creative activity of a new entity by uniting the concern of different entities. Need to hold particular financial Torahs to minimise the ambiguities in determining revenue enhancement liabilities of the combined entity led to the specific revenue enhancement commissariats in the Income Tax Act 1961. This necessitates a particular expression at the revenue enhancement inducements provided under the Income Tax Act in instance of an M A ; A. While the IT Act involves several complex characteristics and commissariats refering to unifying companies, dearth of clip and infinite has precluded the research worker from discoursing all those commissariats in item and merely those commissariats ordering inducements in instance of a amalgamation have bee n examined in this undertaking. Outline1 Tax INCENTIVES IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS UNDER THE INDIAN LAW2 Definition of Amalgamation 3 Incentives provided by the Income Tax Act4 A. Carry Forward and Set off of accrued loss and unabsorbed depreciation allowance5 B. Outgo incurred in set uping merger6 C. Shipping Business7 D. Depreciation8 E. Expenditure on Scientific Research9 F. Expenditure on acquisition of patent or right of first publication and on know-how10 G. Bad Debts of the transferor company11 H. Deduction in regard of net incomes of certain companies12 I. Levy of Interests13 J. Investment Allowance14 Applicability of Capital Gains Tax15 Lacunae in the jurisprudence16 Misuse of the jurisprudence Tax INCENTIVES IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS UNDER THE INDIAN LAW Definition of Amalgamation The term amalgamation , though non defined under the Companies Act, 1956 has been defined in the Income Tax Act in the undermentioned words: Section 2 ( 1B ) : merger in relation to companies means the amalgamation of one or more companies with another companyor the amalgamation of two or more companies to organize one company ( the company or companies which so unify being referred to as the mixing company and the company with which they merge or which is formed as a consequence of the amalgamation, as the coalesced company ) in such a mode that ( I ) all the belongings of the mixing company instantly before the merger becomes the belongings of the amalgamated company by virtuousness of the merger ; ( two ) all the liabilities of the mixing company instantly before the merger becomes the liabilities of the amalgamated company by virtuousness of the merger ; ( three ) stockholders keeping non less than three-quarterss in value of the portions in the amalgamating company ( other than portions already held in this instantly before the merger by, or by a campaigner for, the coalesced company or its subordinate ) become stockholders of the amalgamated company by virtuousness of the merger, otherwise than as a consequence of the acquisition of the belongings of one company by another company pursuant to the purchase of such belongings by the other company or as a consequence of the distribution of such belongings to the other company after the weaving up of the first-mentioned company. Brief Psychoanalysis of A Perfect Day for Bananafish EssayG. Bad Debts of the transferor company A replacement in concern can claim tax write-offs of bad debts in regard of debitors taken over from Predecessor Company. H. Deduction in regard of net incomes of certain companies Sections 80-IA, 80HHA, 80HH, 80-Isupply certain inducements to industrial projects on the footing of net incomes derived by them. This benefit is besides available to the amalgamated company for the unexpired period. I. Levy of Interests Sections 234A, 234B and S. 234C provide for levy of involvements for late filing of return of income, default in payment of Advance Tax and for postponement of Advance Tax severally. In a strategy of merger, the coalesced company can non presume that its income will be more than the prescribed bound under the Act for the payment of Advance Tax and therefore involvement under these subdivisions can non be levied. J. Investment Allowance Under S. 32A ( 1 ) , with regard of a ship, aircraft, machinery, works etc that is owned by the assessee and is entirely used for the intent of concern, a tax write-off in the nature of investing allowance of a sum equal to 25 % ( 20 % for the ship, aircraft, machinery, works etc. specified in S. 32 ( 8B ) ) of the existent cost will be allowed. As per Section 32A ( 6 ) , if any of these assets has been transferred by a strategy of merger, so the amalgamated company shall go on to bask the balance of the said allowance outstanding to the mixing company, with the allowed period for such allowance being carried frontward in the appraisals of the former, but every bit long as the prescribed period of eight old ages has non lapsed, with the coalesced company being subjected to the same conditions as the mixing company sing those assets. Applicability of Capital Gains Tax S. 45 of the Act negotiations of levy of capital additions revenue enhancement in the event of transportation of capital assets. S. 47 lists out transportations, which shall non be considered for capital additions revenue enhancement. Subsection ( six ) reads as follows: Any transportation, in a strategy of merger, of a capital plus by the mixing company to the amalgamated company if the latter is an Indian company. This is the place of jurisprudence since the mixing company merges it self with the amalgamated company and thereby dissolves itself without weaving up. The stockholders in the amalgamating company are allotted in stead of their original portions and therefore no capital additions revenue enhancement is attracted.This proviso goes a long manner in easing amalgamations and acquisitions by giving a immense revenue enhancement alleviation. Decision After a elaborate treatment on the commissariats of Income Tax offering inducements for amalgamations and acquisitions, it remains to see the existent image. Lacunae in the jurisprudence It is sometimes argued that the benefit of unabsorbed depreciation, carry frontward of losingss etc are available to specific sectors like fabrication, telecom, transportation, hotels etc under S. 72A and non the service sector. The inquiry arises as to why this benefit is non available to the service sector as a whole, particularly when service sector in India is turning at a frantic infinite. Consequently, the revenue enhancement benefits should be extended to the service sector as a whole, including air hoses, health care, fiscal services, etc. On the other manus, another job with the revenue enhancement inducement proviso relates to the conditions that are by and large attached. The post-merger conditions are particularly rather restrictive e.g. the status for go oning the loss-making concern for 5 old ages and having 75 per cent of the fixed assets for 5 old ages. A amalgamation is by and large effected to cut down on the losingss being incurred by the mixing company. If the coalesced company is forced to go on the same concern, so it is non profitable for the project at all. There are besides a few ambiguities present in the commissariats because of the manner they have been drafted. Under S. 80-IB, revenue enhancement vacation is non available to the mixing company in the twelvemonth of merger. Consequently, in instance the amalgamation is effectual from a day of the month other than April 1, the revenue enhancement vacation is non available to either of the companies for the period get downing April 1 till the day of the month of consequence. A more rational attack would be to let the revenue enhancement benefit for the twelvemonth to be split between the companies based on the day of the month of consequence, as is allowed in instance of current twelvemonth depreciation. Misuse of the jurisprudence It has been noted on juncture more than one that companies routinely amalgamate and merge with their loss-making sister concerns to avoid paying revenue enhancements. Furthermore they sometimes claim to hold set up a air current energy works or something like that and claim 100 per cent depreciation. These have been happening with changeless frequence and therefore needs attending of the legislators. All these revenue enhancement grants or loopholes in the Torahs allow companies to lawfully cut down their revenue enhancement load by smart revenue enhancement planning. It should be the privilege of the authorities to look into into each instance of merger before allowing the inducements, and hence amend the jurisprudence consequently.

There are many short and long term affects of vict Essays - Behavior

There are many short and long term affects of victimization especially in relation to adolescence. Adolescence carries many different emotional and physical responses to biological changes in children and these changes can be affected by violence and abuse sustained by the adolescent. The statistics that have been formulated in regard to continuations of violence and the sources of the violent behavior have become staggering. Experts amidst researchers and policymakers have managed considerable thought toward understanding how short and long term victimization changes adolescents and influences abuse, including drugs, alcohol, and other substance abuse along with mental health difficulties. The understanding of immediate affects abuse would have, how it relates to voluntary behaviors, how victimization translates from adolescence to adulthood, and how it affects adulthood as a whole would be the main focus. Being a victim of crime is a common experience for both adolescents and adults. Victimization happens more to adolescents than it does to adults. The outcomes of being a victim of crime tend to be stronger among adolescent victims than adult victims. According to the National Youth Survey study they examined the consequences of adolescent victimization. The survey seems to focus on how being a victim of crime during the adolescent years seems to affect the negative outcomes when they become an adult. These negative outcomes include voluntary behaviors (e.g., committing crime, using illicit drugs) and involuntary outcomes (e.g., mental health problems). The Bulletin begins with an overview of the research literature on the consequences of criminal victimization. Bibliography: Menard, Scott; Short-and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Victimization; Youth Violence Research Bulletin; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and Centers for Disease Control; February 2002 http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/191210.pdf Chapter 3 Specific Justice Systems and Victims' Rights (Section 1 Supplement); June 2002; http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/assist/nvaa2002/chapter3_1sup.html Darkness to Light; Confronting Child Sexual Abuse with Courage; Copyright 2001-2005 Darkness to Light; http://www.darkness2light.org/KnowAbout/featured_articles.asp Siegfried, Christine B, MSSW; Ko, Susan J., Ph.D.; Kelley, Ann, Ph.D.; Victimization and Juvenile Offending; National Child Traumatic Stress Network Juvenile Justice Working Group; 2004; http://www.nctsnet.org/nctsn_assets/pdfs/edu_materials/victimization_ju venile_ offending.pdf The Leadership Council on Child Abuse The Economic Cost of Child Abuse to Society; 2005; http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/costs.html Dennis, Michael, Ph.D.; Advances in Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment and Research; April 20, 2005; http://www.new-futures.org/pdf/1-advances-in- adol.pdf Conclusion; Short and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Victimization; Youth Violence Research Bulletin; February 2002; http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/yv_2002_2_1/page4.html

Learn how to prevent the influence of modern life conditions on your physical state

Learn how to prevent the influence of modern life conditions on your physical state Modern conditions and opportunities of information access, and management enable people to get and exchange data, perform different sorts of activities and communication within one location. Thus, being at home or any other place, you can comfortably get the required information on your studies, attend some on-line lecture or even send an essay to your teacher. More and more jobs are also involved with the usage of computers and the Internet, which fastens the assignment execution and makes the work more effective. Furthermore, the last century changed the whole concept in regard to work conditions. Nowadays, there are millions of people of comfortably sit at home and are occupied with the freelance activities, which are not worse than the usual model of attending work place. People just have responsibilities and are not bound to place, time and location. However, by obtaining a certain freedom and work condition facilitation, people face quite complicated range of side effects and consequences. Hours of sitting in front of the screen results in the irreversible and harmful changes of the health. Hunching ones back, constant watching the monitor, steady body position for several hours pay their dividends. You may say that there is no solution and such activities are your way of life, aimed for education or earning money. That is true and there is no the recipe, which will rescue from all this problems one hundred per cent. Still there are some things, which can help you to minimize the harmful impact. Have breaks It does not matter with what activities you are occupied, sitting at the computer. You may do some educational assignments, perform some calculations, write code, search information or just chat with friends. In spite of the importance of your occupation, you should never forget to pry oneself away from the screen and take a break. Always pay attention to your watch or even set an alarm-clock and take a ten minutes break per one hour. Make yourself a cup of coffee, speak with your neighbor about the weather or football, or give your cat a stroke. It does not matter what you will do, just forget about your computer. Be sure that it will not influence work efficiency. After taking a rest and freshening up your mind, you will be able to work more meaningful. Go in for sport Except bad influence on your sight, sitting at the computer reduces your physical activities. Your back, joints, limbs suffer such way of time spending. Sedentary and physically inactive life will affect your appearance and health. A lot of people, who spend much time at the computer, having their hand at tension and clicking the mouse, are under the threat of obtaining the carpal tunnel syndrome. So make it a rule to occupy yourself with some kind of sport. It does not matter what it will be: athletics, basketball, bicycle or fitness, just remember that you should move as much as you can and better to do it in a fresh air. Quit the TV Involving oneself with the computer activities, do your best to forget about watching TV at all. TV absorbs your time and in no way helps in the struggle against the after-effects of the sedentary way of life. Take care of your eyes and just do not turn on your TV-set or avoid watching it, when your family members or roommates adhere to some film or show. Just imagine how many troubles wearing the glasses or contact lens will bring you and keep away from the TV. Keep a healthy lifestyle When you sleep enough, eat well and have minimal number of bad habits, your health and wellbeing will be in a good condition. If your organism is strong, there are fewer opportunities to be affected by the negative influence of a number of factors, including computer. So pay attention to your nutrition, day schedule and way of life. Adhering to these advices will improve the situation with the computer involvement and will make things better. Do not be lazy, take the wheel and control your life and wellbeing to stay young, beautiful and healthy!

flashbulb essays

flashbulb essays On December 23, 1972, one of the most memorable games in the history of the National Football League took place at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Steelers were playing the Oakland Raiders in the AFC Championship Game. The score was 7-6 in favor of the Raiders; then something extraordinary happened. Steeler quarterback Terry Bradshaw dropped back to pass with thirteen seconds remaining in the fourth quarter. The intended receiver was Frenchy Fequa. Fequa collided with one of the safeties from the Raiders and the ball was deflected. Steeler's running back Franco Harris rescued the ball before it hit the ground and scampered 60 yards for a Steeler touchdown and earned the Steeler's a spot in the Super Bowl. If you were to ask any Steeler fan where they were when the "immaculate reception" took place they would probably be able to tell you exactly where they were and who they were with. This is an example of the psychological phenomenon of flashb ulb memory. Flashbulb memory is a clear memory of a significant moment or an event. I think that flashbulb memories occur because the events that happen are often so unpredictable. Since they were so unexpected and bring up so many different emotions, it seems that the enviroment around us is permanently burned into our memories. We remember exactly whom we were with, what we were wearing, our initial reaction, words spoken by friends, and even the smells associated with the environment. Flashbulb memory is still debated among some of the most intelligent neuropsychologists today. The debate centers on whether these memories are encoded into the brain. From a superficial overview of some Internet sites and book reviews, it seems that evidence is split down the middle for and against the encoding view. Although these neuropsychologist still debate the relevance of their finds, one fact remains true: we all have flashb ...

SWOT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

SWOT ANALYSIS - Essay Example As matter of fact, via SWOT analysis, many process limitations are numerated, but the most useful information aren’t highlighted. Therefore, the management ought to carry extra analysis to determine the best factor to use during evaluation. Competitive advantage ca n be defined as standing a better a better chance to lure customers in non-monopolistic market structure. According to porter (2012), competitive advantage can only be gained by either cost reduction or product differentiation, but not both. Therefore, a strategic value chain analysis can easily identify stages in production either impact positively on differentiation or reduce costs. Customer satisfaction goes hand in hand with profit maximization goal. Perception that a product is of high value by customers not only reduces their bargaining power but also increases their willingness to purchase. Only satisfied customers can be retained. Therefore, success in value chain analysis depends on how well customer needs are addressed. Ovidijus Jurevicius | 25.04.2013. (2013, April 25). Value Chain Analysis | Strategic Management Insight. Retrieved  February  14, 2015, from

Do media images of family or marriage help us or hurt us Essay - 1

Do media images of family or marriage help us or hurt us - Essay Example The first point that supports my view is that what media most of the time provides is an altruistic picture that rarely comes true. For instance, it is rather impossible for most males to become the so-called Mills and Boon hero with a highly masculine body, high cheekbones that indicate intelligence, and a repertoire full of romance. In addition, he is supposed to possess unlimited wealth and influence, that is, the minimum standard set is a James Bond. In the case of female, the picture the media provides is that of an alluring goddess who always smells nothing less than rose, and who is always eager to have her ‘right man’ holding her hand and leading her gently to the most expensive restaurant. As people are fed this picture, they get unsatisfied in their marital life when they come to realize that their partners fall short of their expectations. Thus, for many ladies, a husband who does not look like Tom Cruise is a matter of inferiority complex that they have to su ffer due to bad luck. Thus, evidently, the beautiful picture provided by media on family and marriage is most of the time far from reality and hence highly destructive when taken to heart. Now, a look into the works of various scholars will confirm this opinion as truth. For example, studies have proved that heavy viewers of television tend to perceive being single as negative and believe that families in real life show support and concern for each other. However, the ones who are addicted to soap operas believe that the number of illegitimate children, divorces, extra marital affairs and happy marriages are all higher in number than they really are. Yet another point that goes strongly against media is that it promotes the stereotyping of male and female roles in families and marriages. For example, the general notion that media is interested in promoting is that females are the happiest at home raising

Management in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Management in context - Essay Example A content theory on the other hand defines motivation in terms of the satisfaction of needs. Examples of process theories are the Adams’ Equity theory and the Victor Vroom’s expectancy Theory while examples of content theories are the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, Fredrick Herberg’s Two Factor Theory and the ERG Theory by Clayton P. Alderfer. The two types of motivation theories not only differ in their definitions of motivation but also in the idea of the applicability of motivation towards work. The Content Theories pay more attention to the identification of the needs of individuals and how these needs are given priority. These theories have more concern for the different types of incentives that give people the drive to attain certain goals. The Content Theories offer a logical approach to understanding motivation, and are easy to understand. They are easily applicable to a real life scenario. The Process theories on the other hand offer a theoretical set of solutions towards the understanding of work motivation. Victor Vroom’s expectancy model and further extensions by Lawler and Porter assist in providing an explanation of the presence of essential cognitive variables in the human body and how they coordinate with each other to create the process of work motivation. Lawler and Porter’s model also looks deeper into the relationship that exists between performance of an act and satisfaction gained by performing such an action. In a nutshell, the Process Theories place more concern on the identification of the variables that contribute to motivation with how they relate with one another being of even greater importance. Abraham Maslow came up with the thought that human needs which can lead to a desire to undertake an activity can be put in a particular order to form a hierarchy of probability of occurrence and pre-potency. This theory assumes

Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness

Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Nadine Thompson Outline and evaluate research investigating the link between stress and physical illness. The presence of stress has been identified as an important attribute to psychological well-being. However, through a considerable quantity of research, Psychologists have suggested that psychological encounters are capable of altering various aspects of the immune response. Supporting this, Frese (1985) suggested that stress is frequently involved in 50-70% of all physical illness (McIlveen, Gross, 1996, p.171). Therefore, it will be deliberated that Seyle’s research led to the development of psychoimmunology; which is an area of study investigating the relationship between psychological factors and the immune system of the body. (Hayes, 2000, p.404) This essay will analyse and combine empirical knowledge referring to psychological stress and the human immune system while emphasising relevant psychological research and composing evaluative conclusions from the information provided. To begin with, one must be required to consider what is meant by the term â€Å"stress† and the significance this component has on an individual. As stated by Lazarus and Folkman (1984), the definition of stress is â€Å"a pattern of negative physiological states and psychological responses occurring in situations where people perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meet.† (McIlveen, Gross, 1996, p.169) Subsequently, Lazarus and Folkman’s definition of stress is largely accepted by those active in the area of research in this field, thus admitting further research by psychologists to establish the psychological effects of stress. While considering this, the consequences of stress induced on the body must be investigated. The immune system is a mechanism designed to protect and defend the body against antigens such as viruses, bacteria, toxins, and parasites. (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2012, p.136) To guarantee maximum performance, this intricat e system is attained through the release of two types of lymphocytes; B cells and T cells. (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2012, p.136) Therefore, the purpose of the B cell is to produce antibodies which will destroy invading viruses, and the T cell assists the B cell in making antibodies, therefore, destroying invading cells which have initially survived an attack from the B cell. (Science Museum, 2014) As a result, when an individual is stressed it will leave them more susceptible to infection because the immune system is unable to eliminate antigens. Seyle (1956), who was predominantly interested in the body’s resistance to prolonged exposure in stressful situations, either through physical illness or psychological causes, identified the response to long-term stress through humans and animals. To do this he used a model known as the ‘General Adaptation Syndrome’. (Hayes, 2000, p.403) As a result of this, Seyle categorised three key stages of bodily reaction during stressful occurrences. The initial stage is the â€Å"alarm† stage which stimulates the body to release adrenaline, which is then followed by a state of â€Å"resistance†, where the body’s resources are used quicker than they are restored. Consequently, as the individual enters the final stage of â€Å"exhaustion† or also known as the â€Å"burnout† stage, the probability of developing a stress related illness significantly increases. (McIlveen, Gross, 1996, p.170) Although Seyle’s findings were based upon st ressors, internal and external sources of stress, (Lawton, Gross, Rolls, 2011, p.1115) produced in non-human animals, therefore making the results non-applicable to human beings, they were still exceedingly recognised to offer a useful approach for other psychologists in their research into the interpretation of the physiological responses to a stressor. Alternatively, Merson (2001) states that the three stages which the body reacts to, is a result of the presence of a stressor. Additionally, Merson suggested that the performance of the immune system remains at a regular level throughout the onset of stress. (Bartley, 2013, p.27) Consequently, if the stressor continues, then the immune system’s ability to perform reaches its maximum point. However, performance is at its lowest point if the stressor becomes chronic. In support of Merson’s theory, several psychological studies have emphasised the observation that short-term stress does not always decrease the functioning of the immune system, but can in fact sometimes enhance it. One of these studies, performed by Dhabhar and McEwen (1997, 2001), ascertained that the immune system is roused as a result of the â€Å"fight or flight† response. (ncbi, 2006) A term signifying an individual’s psychological innate energised response to an intimidating situation, t o either fight or run away, basically meaning an overall state of readiness. In an experiment exposing mice to mild stress over a two hour period, Dhabhar also revealed, that large distribution of immune cells was composed by three hormones released by the adrenal gland. These hormones were norepinephrine, epinephrine and cortocosterone. (Wood, 2012) Following this, he discovered a pattern of choreographed changes in blood levels within these three hormones, exemplifying how the immune cells from areas such as spleen and bone marrow were compelled to move to â€Å"front line† organs. Therefore suggesting that, short-term stressors can in fact boost the performance of the immune system. However, the psychological responses of a non-human animal cannot be used to explain human performance. Additionally, Evans et al. (1994) studied the activity of an antibody known as slgA, which helps prevent infection. (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2012, p.137) Evans et al. organised a talk to be given to students by other students, resulting in mild but acute stress. Although these students showed signs of an increase in slgA, they reduced during examination periods extending over several weeks Furthermore, Malarkey et al. (1994) proposed that marital arguments lead to weaker immune system functioning, following the study of 90 newly-wed couples. As a result, it was suggested that stress has two effects on the immune system; acute stress enhances it, whereas chronic stress reduces it. However, Kiecolt-Glaser et al (1984) carried out a natural experiment to examine the effects of long-term stressors and find out if there was a difference in the immune response of individuals in low and high stress conditions. It was predicted that immunosuppression, measured by the quantity of natural killer cell or T cell activity, would reduce when stress levels were increased. (Lawton, Gross, Rolls, 2011, p.120) Therefore, blood samples were taken from 75 volunteer first-year medical students, 26 females and 49 males, one month before their final exams and again on the first day of their exams, following two examinations. (Lawton, Gross, Rolls, 2011, p.120) These were presumed to be periods of low and high stress. The students were also provided with questionnaires, such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale [SRRS] (docstoc, 2010) to assess any psychological symptoms which may have been present. As predicted, the findings emphasised that the blood samples taken after the exami nations, contained a declined number of T cells and the immune response was suppressed in participants who suffered from psychological variables. Consequently, Kiecolt-Glaser et al concluded that the examination stress alone did in fact weaken the functioning of the immune system as the participants had a reduced amount of natural killer cells. It had also become apparent that life events, depression, loneliness, and anxiety were all results of a weakened immune response and therefore can be contributed from stress. As a result, it is important to highlight that although Kielcolt-Glaser’s study is a natural experiment, and thus high in ecological validity, which is a term that refers to whether or not a study can generalise from reserved conduct in a laboratory to natural behaviour in the real world, (Hartas, 2010, p.77) it also lacks control over confounding variables, such as caffeine, nicotine, medication and so on as it’s carried out in natural surroundings. As a result, it cannot be guaranteed that stress led to the immune response as elements that were not controlled could be accountable.

Comparing Rebels in Pleasantville, Fahrenheit 451, and Lord of the Flies :: comparison compare contrast essays

Rebels in Pleasantville, Fahrenheit 451, and Lord of the Flies Despite the fact that rebels are viewed as troublemakers, in the long run, they help a society grow for the better. In Pleasantville, Fahrenheit 451, and Lord of the Flies, there have been so called "rebels" and these rebels were looked down upon for their different points of view. These rebels were what made these books and movie interesting because in a society, change is sometimes good. In all of these cases, change was feared and thought impossible, but eventually these changes happened, and there was a better civilization because of it. In Pleasantville, one world came clashing with another. These two different worlds had different values and perceptions of a perfect and pleasant life. When David and Jennifer entered the town of Pleasantville and became Bud and Mary Sue, they were looked at differently because they knew something that the others in Pleasantville didn't know. They knew of change, color, and true beauty and because they were spreading this knowledge, they were considered rebels. After color started to spread, the town of Pleasantville was never the same and they now knew what they were missing. A rebel is defined as a minority, going against the majority. As time passed, and more color appeared, the more "rebels" there were. When these "rebels" become the majority, they are not considered different or threatening anymore. Once everybody changed from black and white to color, Pleasantville was now happy again. But this happiness was not because of a boring routine, but because of beautiful change and multicolored experiences. Times change and these rebels that see differently than everyone else influence these changes. Change is what makes the world go round. In Fahrenheit 451, there were also rebels that existed and viewed what everyone was used to, as a living hell. The rebels that I speak of are people like Clarisse McClellan, Guy Montag, Professor Faber, and Granger. These rebels are people that are sick of the way things are and want change to occur. These characters are all bright, intelligent, and bring forth fresh and sensible ideas that nobody even thought of or considered because it was out of the norm and it was risky.

Michelin

The key stakeholders with n interest In the partnership are listed below. We observe that the stakeholders, as a group, pursue both Individual and social/collective Interests: 1) Michelin: interested In securing a sustainable supply of skilled workers to fill as many as 1000 newly-opened jobs in the years to come. 2) The First Nations members in Nova Scotia, as represented by bodies such as the Confederacy and the Union: interested in employment opportunities, greater access to – and acceptance in – the mainstream workforce, and elimination of social stigmas and racism. ) Governments of Canada (API) and of Nova Scotia (Office of Aboriginal Affairs): mineral and Indirect Interest In the wellbeing of Its citizens, their obtainment of relevant education, and their positive participation in the social, work and economic life of the province. As Jim Morrison, we would carry out, or strongly push for, the following actions: Internal resistance – Morrison needs to prepa re the internal workforce for the arrival of Aboriginal team members. Michelin staff – at all levels – need to be sensitizes about Aboriginals' key role in the plants' continued success.Michelin also has to enforce a zero-tolerance policy regarding workplace circumstantial New recruits could be enrolled Into a cross-cultural â€Å"buddy system† with another open-minded, experienced worker. Recruitment & training – Michelin has to change its recruitment philosophy and its WAS test. We look to Southwest Airlines: Hire for attitude, train for skill. Michelin should hire for potential and motivation in applicants, not for particular pre-acquired skills. This would likely imply a greater training budget for newly-hired workers. Michelin also needs to streamline the application process and to use recruitment â€Å"ambassadors†.Key ambassadors are, for example, the employment officers in Aboriginal reserves: Michelin needs to maintain close ties with thes e individuals, and make sure that they have all the tools (information, paperwork, etc. ) to perform their role. In addition, Michelin should offer generous incentives for employees who recruit others in the Aboriginal population (akin to a push marketing strategy). Finally, Michelin should partner with a local college to offer a fast-track course designed to provide the very basic requirements for Michelin applications. (We refer, for example, to Microsoft's initiatives. Passing this course successfully would guarantee a job offer from Michelin. Image – Michelin needs to change its image with First Nations. It has to get its employment success stories out the local media and make the company seem more approachable. It could promote a few local plant â€Å"heroes† that underemployed Aboriginals would identify with. Transparency – Michelin needs to assess the trade- offs of corporate secrecy vs.. labor needs. We believe that the possible labor scrolls lustiest le aning towards openness. Everyone Knows Tanat Mellon Is milling: now sensitive are its projections – really? Who else is competing for this labor?What is the truly critical corporate information? Goals – Michelin has to fix tangible hiring targets. Proponents of affirmative action often say that you need a critical mass of designated minorities (e. G. In a university) to stimulate a natural influx of successful applications. This may be true with Michelin Aboriginal partnership. Michelin should therefore set specific hiring targets and commit to meeting them, even if this requires some reasonable rule bending. As we understand the dynamics of Michelin labor market, no qualified worker is being turned away: no one would be able to suggest that Aboriginals are â€Å"stealing Jobs†.

Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essays

Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essays Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essay Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essay Mason ( 1997 cited in Lawton, 1998, p. 79 ) studies that procedural misdemeanors have been a important contributory factor to 70 % of the entire accidents in bad industries. This is farther illustrated by Walker, et Al. ( 2012 ) where they analysed 108 fatal accidents reported in 2010 and 2011 within oil and gas industry. The survey revealed that unwilled misdemeanors caused 19 % of the human deaths, and knowing misdemeanors caused 15 % of the human deaths. Researches ( Bowonder, 1987 ; Meshkati, 1991 ; Gupta, 2002 ; Chouhan, 2005 ) show that knowing misdemeanors were a conducive cause of Methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) escape in the Bhopal calamity occurred in 1984. Safety critical equipment such as the infrigidation unit to maintain MIC below 5Â °C, blowhole gas scrubber designed to neutralize the toxic release and flair tower designed to fire out extra MIC bluess were non working on the twenty-four hours of the incident ; nevertheless, the production was allowed to go on. Furthermore, the probe of the Texas City refinery detonation revealed that the operators and supervisors were allowed to change, edit, add or take procedural stairss without any proficient reappraisals, and procedural divergences were an acceptable pattern within the works ( MacKenzie, et al. , 2007 ; CSB, 2007 ) . These informations and incident findings provide affirmatory grounds that mistakes and misdemeanors related to the disobedience of processs are still a repeat ing contributory factor in accidents within oil and gas industry. The probe of Laurence ( 2005 ) on the causes of procedural disobedience in Australian mine workers found that some 19 % of the workers thought that the processs lack existent universe apprehension, 18 % that there are excessively many processs to retrieve, 16 % that the processs are excessively complex, 12 % that the processs are non in a field linguistic communication and 10 % that the processs are hapless in footings of content. The recent research of Dahl, et Al. ( 2013 ) among the employees of Norse offshore service vass were besides statistically proved that the procedural conformity depends on the employees’ apprehension of the content of the processs. The findings of Laurence ( 2005 ) and Dahl, et Al. ( 2013 ) were reinforced by Dahl ( 2013 ) in a survey within the crude oil industry and found that entree to the processs, user-friendliness and preparation have direct influence on the procedural conformity. These in bend agencies that the root cause of operators’ mistake and misdemeanors related to the procedural conformity are non merely the duty of an employee, but direction besides have an of import function to guarantee that processs are designed with the human capablenesss and restrictions in head. Research workers have proposed assorted methods to command procedural disobedience. Procedures must qualify the operating bounds and effects that may ensue when diverting from the operating bounds ( Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel, 2004 ) . Management must apportion a capable affair expert to reexamine the processs to guarantee proficient truth and content of the processs before the undertaking executing ( Inaba, et al. , 2004 ) . Levels, system bounds, set points and diagrams to be included in the complex processs to cut down human mistakes. Procedures must qualify the actions to be taken if the parametric quantities are non complied with or out of scope ( Cullan and Anderson, 2005 ) . An every bit important facet is that it is necessary to affect system end-users in the procedural development to cut down human mistakes. The process design must guarantee that process content, layout and presentation comply with the industry best pattern and can be used and understood by end-users, peculiarly in relation to safety critical operations ( Cullen, 2007 ) . By the same item, Bates and Holroyd ( 2012 ) stipulate that latest version of the processs must be easy accessible to shop-floor workers. Agreements must besides be in topographic point for regular reappraisal and update in line with the alteration of work procedure and for supervising systems to verify conformity with processs. It is every bit of import that processs must be in a simple linguistic communication that the operator will easy understand ( Cullen and Anderson, 2005 ; Bates and Holroyd, 2012 ) . Human factors in preparation and competence direction Bettering the competence of employee is cardinal to advance safety consciousness and cut down human mistakes. Inadequate preparation frequently consequences in the deficiency of proficient accomplishment and safety consciousness. The organizational factors like failure to set up preparation system and staff ain factors like hapless attitude to developing frequently produce unqualified employees and human mistakes ( Shi Wenwen, et al. , 2011 ) . To exemplify, the Longford Royal Commission investigated the Esso Longford detonation pointed out that unequal preparation of workers and supervisors was a cause of the accident ( Dawson and Brooks, 1999 ; Barnett, 2006 ; Hopkins, 2000 ) . Additionally, the probe of the British Petroleum ( BP ) Texas City refinery detonation identified that BP failed to guarantee the procedure safety cognition of refinery forces. The over-reliance on BP’s Computer Based Training ( CBT ) caused unequal competence of employees ( Baker, et al. , 2007 ) . It was identified that there were no equal systems in topographic point to pattern managing unnatural state of affairss ( CSB, 2007 ) and for confirmation of the operator cognition and makings ( MacKenzie, et al. , 2007 ) . The findings from these accidents suggest that administrations must hold vigorous competence direction systems in topographic point to forestall human mistakes. There have been inconclusive arguments about the effectivity of different preparation methods within the bad industries. Burke, et Al. ( 2011 ) in a meta-analysis probe conducted within the excavation industry found that extremely participant prosecuting preparation is well more effectual than less prosecuting preparation when risky exposure badness is high. On the contrary, Brahm and Singer ( 2013 ) did non happen a preparation method superior to any other. On the balance, it is sensible to propose that inactive preparation such as CBT must non replace more piquant schoolroom and practical preparation Sessionss within the bad industries. Such determinations must be based on cost-benefit analysis to forestall similar competence issues identified in the BP Texas City accident. Several human factors surveies have appeared in recent old ages documenting the preparation issues. Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel ( 2004 ) insisted the importance of keeping the competence of trainers. Records must maintain of what has been covered in the preparation and what advancement has been made to maintain the path of employees’ competence. Scholars besides suggest that preparation should include a scope of normal and exigency operation scenarios, and should concentrate on safety critical undertakings, and for which there may be spreads in competence ; peculiarly, for undertakings that are infrequently performed and new undertakings introduced ( Cullen, 2007 ; Cullen and Anderson 2005 ) . Ganguly ( 2011 ) indicates that direction should guarantee so much of information are non given to employees in less clip that will be hard to absorb, and employee may non understand to the full about the new occupation. Administrations should besides guarantee that each critical safety processs are supported with preparation to guarantee employees’ conformity ( Bates and Holroyd ; 2012 ) . Smithers ( 2010 ) and Ganguly ( 2011 ) stipulate that systems must be in topographic point for continued and refresher preparation and post-training rating to keep and better the competency of employees to forestall human mistakes. Human factors in hazard appraisal The safety and unity of any procedure works are dependent on the quality of the design. It is non surprising so that proficient design factors and design failures dominate the Process Hazard Analysis ( PHA ) ensuing in less accent on human-related issues ( Kariuki and Lowe, 2007 ) . The survey of Skogdalen and Vinnem ( 2011 ) is an effort to turn to this issue of how the Human and Organisation Factors ( HOFs ) are included and reflected in the Quantitative Risk Assessment ( QRA ) within the Norse Shelf and UK. Skogdalen and Vinnem ( 2011 ) reviewed 15 QRAs for different installings collected from five runing companies. It has been found that five QRAs were covered the proficient and operational hazard decrease factors and no attending were given to HOFs, eight QRAs explained the importance of HOFs to some extent ; nevertheless, the influence of the assessment theoretical account and computations on the system merely explained to a limited extend, two QRAs analysed the HOFs in a structured manner utilizing a criterion method which identified the causes of mistakes and controls and theoretical accounts were adjusted harmonizing to the findings, and none of the QRAs considered HOFs are merely every bit of import as proficient 1s. This seems to formalize the positio n of Kariuki and Lowe ( 2007 ) that less accent is given to human related issues compared to the design factors in the procedure jeopardy analysis surveies. This is farther illustrated in the probe of BP Texas City refinery detonation that the safety direction system of BP failed to guarantee equal designation, hazard appraisal, tracking and rectification of procedure safety jeopardies ( Baker, et al. , 2007 ) . During the past decennary, the integrating of HOFs into the failure chance and hazard appraisal has been loosely researched. The research of Oien ( 2001 ) , Cacciabue ( 2004b ) , Aven, et Al. ( 2006a, 2006b ) , Vinnem, et Al. ( 2008 ) and Noroozi, et Al. ( 2013 ) show a assortment of attacks such as Organizational Risk Influence Model ( ORIM ) , Human Error Risk Management for Engineering Systems ( HERMES ) , Barrier and Operational Risk Analysis ( BORA ) , Operational Control Safety ( OTS ) and Success Likelihood Index Method ( SLIM ) for the effectual execution of HOFs to put on the line appraisal. The cardinal point to observe is that the nucleus of each method is the consideration and appraisal of organizational and human factors such as processs and preparation, occupation design, human-machine interface, undertaking environment, workplace design and operator features ; hence, administrations should look for the most appropriate tool that tantrum or congratulate their bing hazard direction attacks.

alexander the great was not worthy of his title essays

alexander the great was not worthy of his title essays Alexander the Great did not deserve his title. Alexander the Great ruled from 356-323 BC. During this time he conquered a huge area of territory, amassing for himself a large land empire. However he was also responsible for the death of thousands of his own men. Although being one of the greatest generals of all time, he was in reality a selfish, drunk who used one of the most powerful armies of his time, for his own self-glorification. Alexander the Great did not deserve his title. Alexander was born in Pella, Macedonia. His father was the famous general Phillip the second, his mother was Queen Olympias, princess of Eupirus. At the age of thirteen Alexanders father employed the greatest mind of the time, Aristotle, to be his tutor. Aristotle educated Alexander in the ways of life as well as about literature, science, medicine and philosophy. He introduced the Illiad to Alexander, which he then learnt off by heart and kept a copy of it with him when he went on expeditions. Alexander first gained military power when his father was making an expedition against Byzantium Alexander, although he was only 16 and 9 months old he left behind as regent of Macedonia. (Plutarch, 1973. P260). At this time he was an acting commander of his fathers army. In 336BC at the young age of 20 he inherited the powerful empire of Macedonia. With this inheritance he gained control of its army which consisted of 40 000 infantry and 7 000 cavalry. This was said to be the best trained standing army of the time. Alexander wanted to be glorified as the greatest general; the only way he knew how to do this was by conquering other cities, so he did. Within ten years he had defeated the Persians, defeated Egypt, India, Iran and even Afghanistan. With this he was said to be one of the greatest generals. On the basis of writing in Roman times, who measured success by the number of body-bags used, they deemed him great. ( Dup ...

Shirley Chisholm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Shirley Chisholm - Essay Example She was active in the League of Women Voters, the Bedford-Stuyvesant Political League, and the Brooklyn branch of the NAACP, and served in the New York State Assembly from 1964-68, the first black woman from Brooklyn to serve in the Assembly. In 1968 Shirley Chisholm ran for U.S. representative from the Twelfth District under the slogan, "Unbought and Unbossed" and won the election by 788 votes. She attended the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago as a New York state national committeewoman. The first black woman to serve in the U.S. Congress, Chisholm voted against the anti-ballistic missile and the SST, co-sponsored a day-care facilities bill with Bella Abzug, supported the Equal Rights Amendment and the right to abortion, and helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971. Chisholm entered the presidential campaign in 1972 and earned 152 delegate votes at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach before withdrawing her candidacy. She served in Congress until 1982, continuing to work for equal rights for blacks, women, and other minorities. She was married to Conrad Q. Chisholm in October 1949. Chisholm commented on her 1972 campaign for the presidency: "I ran because someone had to do it first. In this country everyone is supposed to be able to run for President, but that's never really been true. I ran because most people think the country isn't really ready for a black candidate, not ready for a woman candidate. Someday. . . ." ( The Good Fight, Chapter 1, 1973) When Shirley Chisholm decided to make a historic run for Congress in 1968, her candidacy was greeted, once again, with dismay by black male politicians within her district. Publicly they voiced concern about Chisholm's "independence" from the local Democratic leadership, but privately they objected to her because she was an uppity woman. Chisholm won the primary only to discover that her Republican opponent James Farmer (the former director of the civil rights organization Congress of Racial Equality) planned to make a campaign issue of her gender. His strategy backfired; and Chisholm, who had cleverly responded by organizing the women of her district, beat Farmer by a margin of 2.5 to 1. Four years later when Chisholm entered the race for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, she faced an even more uphill battle. First, the Democratic front-runners had more money and larger, professionally trained campaign staffs than did Chisholm. Second, Chisholm's race and gender made her candidacy "suspect" in the eyes of the press, the political elite, and among many voters; few people were willing to see her as a "serious" candidate (a point she laments in her account of the 1972 campaign, The Good Fight). Third, Chisholm's candidacy created a political dilemma for two groups, feminists and the civil rights establishment, predisposed to support her. Should they support her because of her strong congressional record on women's rights and civil rights, or should they use their political clout to extract promises of support for their issues from someone (like George McGovern) who stood a better chance of capturing the Democratic party's nomination In the end, although

The Issue of the Negative Externalities of the Profit Maximization Aim Essay

The Issue of the Negative Externalities of the Profit Maximization Aim of the Big Corporations - Essay Example In this essay, he is against the big corporations which exploit the community in order to raise their profits, and condemns their motives and actions, accusing them of selfishness and non-humanitarianism; therefore his reputation instigates the reader to accept his blatant accusations and emotional appeals, thus the way a reader would read this essay. He bases his claim on the pieces of evidence from law pertaining to different illegal acts in the American society, proceeds on to include the numerical figures of the houses and villages that have been uprooted due to the tyranny of the big corporations, furthermore he states the abnormal profit figures generated by GM.  Ã‚   The main focus of his essay is on pathos since it is obvious that he is using sensitive terms such as ‘destroys Parma, moral, kills, illegal, hazardous, rights’ etc., in order to appeal to the emotions of the readers and arouse their sensitive side. To some extent he also makes use of ethos, since he has a reputation of speaking the blatant truth, and people usually respect him for his honesty and blunt opinion on any issue (IMDB, 2010), in addition to this, he also states that his film â€Å"Roger and Me† has been viewed by all bottom-line feeder, but this is a argue that is subjective in nature, and not at all being backed by evidence, this is a logical fallacy known as ‘hasty generalization’ since Moore is claiming that all people of the mentioned group have seen the movie. Moore has made other logical fallacies in this essay as well, such as the use of emotionally loaded terms, which makes the basis of this work has a ‘pathos’ approa ch. Furthermore, he has overly simplified the matter, since the way he has presented the argument for making the point of selling crack and corporation actions  appear on equal footing seems to be very simplified, while it actually might not be the case, since selling of crack would not affect the economy and health of the people the same way as other matters.

Low carbon building portfolio (Briefing Reports) Assignment

Low carbon building portfolio (Briefing Reports) - Assignment Example The BEEAM calculator method defines the type of building and differences in range of water consuming activities of various components within a building. The other methods that are used are standard Wat 01 method, and alternative Wat 01 technique (Srinivasan, Ling, & Mori 2011). Using the Wat 01 calculator, domestic water rate of consumption of components is calculated and baseline performance compared, indicate efficiency of baths, dishwashers, urinals, and showers, specify rain water systems, and finally, specify water consumption rate in liters. When the building tenanted areas are provided with water, then sanitary components must be specifies. Alternatively, the level of performance can be determined by use of fittings that are compliant with the baseline level of the BREEAM (Williams 2010). Wat 02 method is used where water is supplied from private sources or boreholes. Areas of the building that consume 10% of water are fitted with meters that provide instantaneous readings, have connections to BMS, and monitor the rate of water consumption. Each of the meters gives a reading based on the consumption level and each pulse water meters is connected to the BMS when the building is managed by the owner. There is no need for sub-meters especially where there are no monitoring benefits and there is no need to install a meter where simple calculations are required to determine the usage of water for a function (Michaelowa 2012). Provide a leak prevention and detection system to detect water leaks on the water supply system. It is activated when water passes through the water system and identifies the changes in flow. The following flow control devices may be used, thus, time controller, programmed time controller, volume controller, and central control unit. Constant water supply is required and in case of emergencies, the water supply should be constant and should not be shut down and it may be necessary for the operation of other systems within the

The Character of Achilles Essay Example for Free

The Character of Achilles Essay Achilles is the main character in Homer’s The Iliad translated by Robert Fagles. The Iliad is the story of the battle of Troy, in which Greek heroes fight and die, with much interference from the various gods and goddesses. The story ends when Achilles gives Hector’s body back to King Priam and Hector is buried. Homer uses a number of different literary devices to illustrate Achilles’ character development, such as his actions, what other characters say about him, and his appearance. Throughout this epic poem, Achilles must deal with his conflict of free will versus fate. Achilles’ first encounter with his ongoing conflict occurs in Book 1 when he is deciding whether or not to kill Agamemnon for insulting him (84). Athena almost immediately arrives and says, â€Å"Down from the skies I come to check your rage if only you will yield,† thus implying that Achilles has a choice (84). He can either obey Athena’s orders and earn more treasures in the end or he can go against her orders and suffer the consequences. In the end, Achilles determines that it’s not a smart idea to go against godly orders and submits. Other characters do not have choices like Achilles does. In Book 3, Aphrodite rescues Paris from Menelaus and puts him in the bedroom. Then she goes to Helen and orders her to go to bed with Paris. When Helen protests, Aphrodite becomes irritated and threatens her. This shows that Helen doesn’t have a choice, nor do the other characters, with the exception of Achilles. Also, in Book 20, Zeus says, â€Å"If Achilles fights the Trojans—unopposed by us—not for a moment will they hold his breakneck force. Even before now they’d shake to see him coming. Now, with his rage inflamed for his friend’s death, I fear he’ll raze the walls against the will of fate.† (504). Zeus’ statement shows that Achilles is, in some ways, above fate and will destroy the Greek concept of fate unless someone interferes with his plans. Unfortunately, although Achilles is able to have free will in some aspects, fate still triumphs over him in others. In Book 9, Achilles tells Odysseus, Phoenix, and Ajax what his mother has told him his fate will be. According to Thetis, Achilles can either choose to go home without glory and live to a ripe old age or he can stay to conquer Troy and earn everlasting glory, but he will not leave Troy alive (265). Consequently, Achilles is presented with two fates; however, unlike others, he is able to choose whichever fate he wants. At this point in the story, Achilles is actually considering going home; thus he is choosing to die old, but without undying glory. This completely changes in Book 18 when Achilles learns that Patroclus has been killed by Hector. Now, Achilles will stop at nothing to get his revenge on Hector; therefore he is now choosing the fate in which he will never return home, but he gets eternal glory. Achilles’ new choice of fate is emphasized in Book 19 when Hera gives his horse the ability to speak. Roan Beauty says, â€Å"Yes! We will save your life—this time too—master, mighty Achilles! But the day of death already hovers near, and we are not to blame but a great god is and the strong force of fate†¦ Our team could race with the rush of the West Wind, the strongest, swiftest blast on earth, men say—still you are doomed to die by force, Achilles, cut down by a deathless god and mortal man!† (501-502). Yet another way in which Achilles is bound by fate appears in Book 22 when he is chasing Hector around Troy. Homer writes, â€Å"But once they reached the springs for the fourth time, then Father Zeus held out his sacred golden scales: in them he placed the two fates of death that lays men low—one for Achilles, one for Hector breaker of horses—and gripping the beam mid-haft the Father raised it high and down went Hector’s day of doom, dragging him down to the strong House of Death—and the god Apollo left him.† (548). Zeus’ decision sets in stone that Achilles must be the one to kill Hector before his own death. Before Book 22, other characters had only alluded to Hector’s fate of death at the hands of Achilles.   One of the main characteristics Achilles exhibits is pride. In Book 1, Achilles is insulted by Agamemnon. Achilles replies, â€Å"Staggering drunk, with your dog’s eyes, your fawn’s heart! Never once did you arm with the troops and go to battle or risk an ambush packed with Achaea’s picked men—you lack the courage, you can see death coming. Safer, by far, you find, to foray all through camp, commandeering the prize of any man who speaks against you. King who devours his people! Worthless husks, the men you rule—if not, Atrides, this outrage would have been your last.† (85). This passage shows that Achilles is proud to battle and finds it shameful when men who claim to be the agathos, or the best, do not prove themselves in battle. In Achilles’ culture, being â€Å"good†, or arà ªte, means that you are good at fighting. Achilles is concluding that since Agamemnon is too scared to fight like his inferiors, he must not be arà ªte. Instead, Achilles believes that he is the agathos rather than Agamemnon, since he has proven his arà ªte and Agamemnon has not. However, Achilles’ pride is his downfall up until the point when he learns that his brother-in-arms, Patroclus, has been killed by Hector. The reason Achilles’ pride was his downfall is because Agamemnon would not give him the respect he deserves; therefore he refused to fight due to his pride and anger. When Patroclus is murdered, Achilles wants his revenge on Hector. Before, in Book 9, Odysseus, Ajax, and Phoenix are sent by Agamemnon to beg Achilles to save the Achaeans from the Trojans and Hector’s rampages. Achilles refuses to budge because his pride will not allow him to take orders from Agamemnon. He also believes that there is no hope for the Achaeans since Zeus is protecting and urging the Trojans on to victory (259-266). Achilles could have been honorable and chose to help the Achaeans out, but his pride and anger against Agamemnon over Briseis won’t allow him to do the right thing. In fact, his pride and anger cause him to make minimal appearances throughout the middle books of The Iliad. Achilles’ pride directly relates to his ultimate conflict of fate vs. free will. His pride and lust for glory play a large part in his decisions, predominately during his choice of a long life with no glory vs. a short life with everlasting glory. Throughout The Iliad, Homer and the other characters describe Achilles as being â€Å"god-like†. The gods in Greek culture are all powerful and immortal, but also extremely selfish like egocentric children. They typically do not care about others; they act only to protect their self-interests, such as their favorite cities and their demigod children. Achilles is selfish like the gods and goddesses. When Achilles failed to cease his anger against Agamemnon, he was protecting his own self-interests and not caring about the deaths and struggles of his Achaean allies; thus him being selfish like the gods is a weakness. Also, part of the reason why Achilles is so selfish is because he is trying to act in a way that will prevent anyone from tarnishing his honor. Likewise, Achilles is trying to prove that he has a legitimate reason to be called the aristos more than anyone else, especially Agamemnon, who Achilles views as a disgrace for a man. On the other hand, in Book 1, Agamemnon says, â€Å"Not so quickly, brave as you are, godlike Achilles—trying to cheat me.† (81). Agamemnon is taking note of the fact that Achilles is brave like the deathless gods and goddesses who know no fear. Achilles’ bravery is also shown by the fact that he doesn’t back down from a fight, not even if it’s against a god, like when he battles the river god Scamander in Book 21. Achilles’ bravery certainly benefits him during the Trojan War, and probably earlier wars too, because he was the only mortal man who wasn’t afraid to stand up to Hector, or anyone else for that matter. Another way in which Achilles is godlike is his appearance and strength. In Book 21, Achilles is talking to King Priam’s son, Lycaon, just before he kills him. He says, â€Å"Even Patroclus died, a far, far better man than you. And look, you see how handsome and powerful I am? The son of a great man, the mother who gave me life a deathless goddess. But even for me, I tell you, death and the strong force of fate are waiting.† (523). Here, Achilles is noting that he is as attractive as a god. The fact that Achilles isn’t like other mortals because he can do certain things that only gods and goddesses can do is yet another way in which Achilles can be described as being godlike. Agenor says in Book 21 that â€Å"Achilles is far too strong for any man on earth.† (538). In Book 16, Homer says, â€Å"And Achilles’ only weapon Patroclus did not take was the great man’s spear, weighted, heavy, tough. No other Achaean fighter could heft that shaft, only Achilles had the skill to wield it well: Pelian ash it was, a gift to his father Peleus presented by Chiron once, hewn on Pelion’s crest to be the death of heroes.† (417). Homer’s words emphasize the fact that Achilles has the strength of the immortal gods. Furthermore, in Book 10, Odysseus and Diomedes have just captured the Trojan spy Dolon and are talking with him. Odysseus says, â€Å"By god, what heroic gifts you set your heart on—the great Achilles’ team! They’re hard for mortal men to curb or drive, for all but Achilles—his mother is immortal.†, again showing that Achilles has strength greater than that of any mortal man (290). One of Achilles’ most obvious characters traits is his defiance and opposition to orders. In Book 1, Achilles says to Agamemnon, â€Å"What a worthless, burnt-out coward I’d be called if I would submit to you and all your orders, whatever you blurt out. Fling them at others, don’t give me commands! Never again, I trust, will Achilles yield to you.† (87). Achilles’ dialogue is a classic example of the fact that the most important thing to Achilles is his honor and thus he strives to prove that he, above all other men, is the agathos. Although Achilles has a few character flaws that ultimately influence his fate, he can still be called honorable in a sense. In Book 1, the seer Calchas tells Achilles that if he reveals Apollo’s prophecy, he will anger a very powerful Achaean. Achilles reassures him, â€Å"Courage! Out with it now, Calchas. Reveal the will of god, whatever you may know. And I swear by Apollo, dear to Zeus, the power you pray to, Calchas, when you reveal the god’s will to the Argives—no one, not while I’m alive and see the light on earth, no one will lay his heavy hands on you by the hollow ships. None among all the armies. Not even if you mean Agamemnon here who now claims to be, by far, the best of the Achaeans.† (80). Achilles has now sworn to protect Calchas from anyone who may try to harm him as a result of Apollo’s prophecy; thus Achilles is demonstrating honor. Even when Agamemnon becomes angry with Calchas for the prophecy, Achilles defends Calchas to the end, which in turn creates the extensive conflict between him and Agamemnon. Achilles’ actions prove that he is a man who keeps his word; therefore he is honorable by modern-day standards. Achilles’ trait of honor is a strength that works to his advantage and certainly influences his outcome of his definitive battle of fate versus free will. Achilles’ battle of free will versus fate is the central conflict of The Iliad. The many character traits that Homer makes apparent throughout the narrative ultimately influence Achilles’ actions and choices. Homer just doesn’t base Achilles’ personality traits on his actions. Rather, what other characters say about him gives the reader a clear understanding of who Achilles is and what his motivations are all the way through. Furthermore, Homer has proven that Achilles truly is the agathos. Works Cited Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Group Inc., 1998. Print.

Gadgets Of JAmes Bond Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Weapons and Gadgets of James Bond Introduction - Throughout the years, the weapons and gadgets that have come from the hands of the Q Branch, has never turned James Bond down, they are the coolest and are the best in spy paraphernalia. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bond’s choice of equipment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walther PPK B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aston Martin DB5 C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watches II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparison to some spy gadgets of the army A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bond’s popular equipment B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military’s popular equipment III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As technology continues to grow A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weapons will get better 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equipment from newer movies a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goldeneye b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tomorrow Never Dies B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gadgets of the older movies C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other items of Q’s Lab IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What do we expect of Bond A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More high tech weapons and gadgets B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A new head for the Q Branch C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lot more excitement Conclusion - Finally, the weapons and gadgets of James Bond will still continue to astonish the entire world, and it will still do so as many more films are produced in the near future. â€Å"And this I am Especially Proud of† - Q   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I think we’ve met.† These were the words of James Bond as he stepped into his talking BMW 750IL during the movie Tomorrow Never Dies. Throughout the years, the weapons and gadgets that have come from the hands of the Q Branch, has never turned James Bond down, they are the coolest and are the best in spy paraphernalia. If someone would try to compare Bond’s gadgets to gadgets of the military, Bond would win ten to one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, as technology changed and time passed, the Q Branch developed better equipment, but many of the classic gadgets are still obsolete in a technology driven world we live in today. For example, Bond’s old Aston Martin DB5 can out run a Ferrari 355 F1 Spider that was demonstrated in the movie Goldeneye. (Ultimate James Bond Page http:jmsbond.tripod.com) As the James Bond story continues, the better and better the gadg... ...oon be seeing a new Q. The current Q died in a tragic accident in London just a month ago right after the release of â€Å"The World is not enough.† Another thing you will never miss in Bond films is the excitement, and that will always stay true. Finally, the weapons and gadgets of James Bond will still continue to astonish the entire world, and it will still do so as many more films are produced in the near future. Works Cited Blair, Cluade and Tarassuk Leonid. â€Å"The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapon†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crown Publisher 1929: 379 The Complete James Bond Interactive Dossier â€Å"Gadgets Section† (CD-Rom) 1996 The Complete James Bond Interactive Dossier â€Å"Vehicles Section† (CD-Rom) 1996 The Ultimate James Bond Site. â€Å"Quotes and Gadgets† Online.Internet. 14 March 2000 available Http://www.007.com BMW USA â€Å"Build Your BMW, Z3† Online.Internet. 1 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Available Http://www.bmwusa.com â€Å"Tomorrow Never Dies.† Movie. MGM Studios and United Artists 1997 â€Å"Goldeneye.† Movie. MGM Studios and United Artists 1994 007-The Ultimate James Bond Page. â€Å"Quotes and Q Branch† Online.Internet. 1 March 2000 Available Http://jmsbond.tripod.com

Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101

INTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Americanization – Consumerism, individualism – American products and values – Cultural imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization – Fast-food principles dominant in American and other societies – Uniform standards – Lack of human creativity – Dehumanization of social relations Infantilization – Benjamin Barber â€Å"consumed† – Against â€Å"ethos of infantilization† that sustains global capitalism – Turning of adults into children through dumbed down advertising and consumer goods – Targeting children as consumers Homogeneous global products for young and wealthy, and for children => soulless and unethical global consumerism in pursuit of profit Cultural homogenization – â€Å"More alike† theory of effects of globalization – Western culture industry – Homogenization of popular culture – Can be within western soci eties (McDonaldization) Market for loyalties – Regulation of communications to organize cartels of imagery – Domestic broadcast regulation maintains distribution of power – National identity reframed to political views and cultural attitudes that maintain existing power structure Facilitates predominance of one ideology Cultural imperialism – World patterns of cultural flow, mirror the system of domination in world economic and political order – Not confined to the west: see Mexico, Brazil (Latin America), India (East Asia), Hong Kong, Taiwan (China) Sustainable development – Long-term economic growth depends on careful stewardship of the natural environment – Environmentalists – Liberalization= unequal economic growth, resources for debt, competition (race to the bottom), increased pollution, unsustainable consumption of resources, political unrest – Free Trade Trade promotes growth and alleviates poverty= environmental benefits – Elimination of trade barriers= increased value of resources – Environmental progress is easier to achieve under conditions of prosperity Deterritiorlization of religion – Primarily caused by migration – The case of Islam: – Muslim Ummah – Re-islamisation as deculturalisation of Islam (not linked to a particular pristine culture, global Islam) – Quest for definition: Islam to fit every culture – By bridging the gap between secularism and religiosity, Fundamentalism overstretches religion to the point that it cannot become embedded in real cultureFree trade and the environment Technological Change and Disease – Transportation – Short term travel: 940 million tourists – Meningitis: 70,000 pilgrims to Mecca every year, secondary pandemics upon return – Expensive diseases in developing countries and eradicated diseases in developed countries – Medical technologies – Greater colla boration, more information – BUT, new technologies can be badly used – Ebola in DRC, AIDS epidemics in China from unsterilized needles Demographic Change and Disease – Population mobility Conditions that lead people to move are the same that favor the emergence of infections (poverty, overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, state failure) – Refugees: sanitation, food, healthcare – 50,000 dead in a month (Rwanda, 1994) – Haiti: cholera from Nepal? (4,800 mortalities) – Long-term migration – Disease to non-immune populations, and transfer of new disease back home – Eradicated diseases re-introduced – Migrant workers in Africa (AIDS epidemics) – Urbanization – Megacities=megaspread Global economy and disease – Global trade IMF/structural adjustments and liberalization reduces the role of governments (mostly in providing healthcare) – Trade in food – Change in dietary habits, convergenc e of tastes – Demand for year-round availability of fresh fruit and vegetables – Products from less expensive labor markets, worldwide ingredients and transport – Food may be contaminated – Unhygienic irrigation, packaging practices, storage, non-indigenous crops more susceptible to indigenous pathogens – E-coli in Germany: 2,800 affected, 26 dead (91 in EU) – Mad Cow Disease Environmental change and disease Climate change-global warming – Higher ambient air temperature, precipitation/humidity (mosquitoes) – Water supply-dams etc – Profound ecological changes that affects disease vectors-most dams associated with increase in malaria – Deforestation – Increases contact between humans and pathogens – Decreases natural predators of disease vectors – Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) – Loss of biodiversity Jihad and McWorld – Dialectical nature: one cannot exist w ithout the other – Babel: retribalization – Global jihad against globalization – Disneyland Globalizations – Jihad and McWorld make war on the sovereign nation state – Indifference to civil liberty – McWorld, focus on consumption and â€Å"invisible hand† for common good (rather than democratic institutions), repeal government regulations – Jihad, bloody politics of identity, exclusion and hatred, paternalism and tribalism – Neither global markets nor blood communities service public goods or pursue equality and justice – Future? – In the short run – Jihad likely to dominate? – In the long run – McWorld dominates? – Convergence of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of Western individualism? – Or greater divergence and even conflict? Ethnicity – High ethnic solidarity: willing to redistribute resources within the g roup – No â€Å"master list†; what differentiates groups in one place may not be important in another – Example: in Serbia, common language and culture, but religion divides (Hutu and Tutsi) – Ethnicity as a â€Å"social construction†Ã¢â‚¬â€not inherently political Ethnic identity – Any specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others Language, religion, geography, customs, history, and others – Ascription—an identity assigned at birth – Largely fixed during our lives Clash of civilizations – Samuel Huntington: â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations† – â€Å"The next world war, if there is one, will be a war between civilizations† – De-Westernization and indigenization of societies – Hinduization of India and Islamic fundamentalism (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Turkey) – The Confucian-Islamic connection – Kin-country s yndrome (Bosnia, Iraq) – Civilizations do not control states; states control civilizations Interpreted the same events as Fukuyama, but made very different conclusions †¦ — Outlined 7 main cultures (and a possible 8th); equates â€Å"culture† with â€Å"religion†: â€Å"people who share ethnicity and language but differ in religion may slaughter each other, as happened in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, and the Subcontinent. † 1. Western 2. Confucian 3. Japanese 4. Islamic 5. Hindu 6. Slavic-Orthodox 7. Latin American 8. Possibly African – Why will they clash? – Differences are both real and basic (â€Å"fundamental†) – World smaller due to globalization – Nation-state as source of identity grows weaker Fundamentalist religion grows stronger – Backlash against West enhances civilization consciousness – Cultural differences less easily compromised than political and economic ones (can you be both Catholic and Muslim? ) – Economic regionalism is growing – Result: unable to mobilize support for governments based on ideology, turn to religion and civilization identity Environmentalism and the developing south Collectivity Irreducibility Characteristics of environmental issues – Complexity – Interpenetration, pollution down the road. – Temporal and spatial uncertainty – What will happen in the future, how much is it going to affect us. Irreducibility – Holistic in nature, we cannot approach only one part, we have to consider them as a whole. – Spontaneity – Things tend to happen fast especially in environmental disasters. – Collectivity – Collective action problems, common pool resources, shirking/free-riding Chinese triad Food security – All people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, self-nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active an d healthy life. (UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization) – Peak oil, peak water, peak phosphorus, peak grain, and peak fish Green revolution Problems in beginning of 20th c: not producing enough food to feed expanding population – Green Revolution: 1950-1984 – Development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains – Expansion of irrigation infrastructure – Hybridized seeds & – Synthetic fertilizers & – Pesticides to farmers in developing countries – Transformed agriculture around the globe – World agricultural production more than doubled (world grain production increased by 250%) – Increased fossil fuel-based energy use: – Natural gas (for production of synthetic fertilizers) – Oil (for development of pesticides) – Hydrocarbon fuelled irrigation Unsustainable? (Malthusian argument) – May not necessarily increase food security (other political causes) – Promotion of monoc ultures, hunger vs malnutrition – Benefited wealthier farmers at the expense of poorer ones => urban migration – Extensive use and abuse of pesticides and fertilizers associated with negative health effects (cancer) – Land degradation, soil nutrients depletion Earth’s carrying capacity – No one knows!!! The Future of Food – Film watched in class, google if can’t remember GMOs Montreal Protocol – The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. – Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments – Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 203 5 – Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs)Arms Trade Treaty – 2003, Control Arms Campaign was launched (Controlarms. org) – 2006, Control Arms handed over a global petition called â€Å"Million Faces† to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan 2006 – 2006, 153 states vote resolution 61/89 requesting the UN Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States (U. S. votes against, national controls better) – 2009, UN General Assembly launches a time frame for the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty. U. S. osition overturned – 2-27 July, 2012 (New York) – Currently under final negotiations – Require states to have national mechanisms for express authorization of international transfers of arms – Prohibit transfers of arms that could violate human rights and international law – Treaty Failure: – United States said it â€Å"needed more time† to review the short, 11-page treaty text (Obama administration torpedoed the treaty exactly one week after the massacre in Aurora, Colorado) Not to export weapons to countries that are under an arms embargo, or to export weapons that would facilitate â€Å"the commission of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes† or other violations of international humanitarian law. – Exports of arms are banned if they will facilitate â€Å"gender-based violence or violence against children† or be used for â€Å"transnational organized crime. † – The sides, now: – Nearly 120 countries, led by Mexico, issued a joint statement on Monday saying â€Å"the overwhelming majority of (U. N. ) Member States agree with us on the necessity and the urgency of adopting a strong Arms Trade Treaty.Our voice must be heard. † – The five permanent Security Council members – the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia â⠂¬â€œ issued their own joint statement of support for a treaty that â€Å"sets the highest possible common standards by which states will regulate the international transfer of conventional arms. † – Important Points: – Ammunition. – Exports of ammunition are covered in the draft treaty but not imports. – Self-defense. – Some major arms-importing states (Middle East), expressed concern that their ability to import weapons could suffer if the treaty comes into force. Exemptions. – There are a number of scenarios under which arms deals would be exempt in the current draft, such as defense cooperation agreements (India) – and gifts, loans and leases of weapons. – Reporting. – Current draft says countries will send reports to the U. N. on their international arms trade but does not call for them to be made public. China, Iran and others do not want that information disseminated openly. – The NRA says the treaty would undermine gun ownership rights under the Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. MalnourishmentObstacles to cooperation on environmental issues (regime, actor, general) National Identity – National identity is inherently political – Defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations – Often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity – Sense enhancers: – Common history, territory, culture, economy, rights – Why form? – Ethnic group may feel oppressed – Ethnic group may form a minority population – These conditions may call for self-government Boat people Ozone success – The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. – Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increa se their use of CFCs before taking on commitments – New scientific evidence late 1987 – scientists announced that CFCs probably were responsible for the ozone hole – 1988, satellite data revealed that stratospheric ozone above the heavily populated Northern Hemisphere had begun to thin – Changes in the pattern of economic interests Du Pont announced that they would soon be able to produce CFC substitutes – Followed the next year by other large chemical manufacturers, including several in Europe – Major producers no longer opposed a CFC phase-out – Lobbied for extended transition periods and against controls on potential substitutes – Particularly hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)—a class of CFC substitutes that deplete ozone but at a significantly reduced rate. – The ozone regime stands as the strongest and most effective global environmental regime. – The worldwide consumption of CFCs, which was about 1. m illion tons in 1986, was approximately 100,000 tons in 2010. – Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 – HCFCs, and HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming – Up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide – Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs) Restaveks (or stay-withs) 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti – Forced – Unpaid Overcropping – Deplete soil by continuously growing crops on it Overpopulation – Carrying capacity – Estimates vary widely – Inadequate fresh water – Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels – Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination – Deforestat ion and loss of ecosystems – Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming – Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification – Mass species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to lash-and-burn techniques (140,000 species lost per year – High infant and child mortality. – Intensive industrial farming: evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases – Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. – Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations. – Unhygienic living conditions – Increased levels of warfare – Elevated crime rate – Less Personal Freedom / More Restrictive Laws. Demographic Transition – If standard of living and life expectancy increase, family sizes and birth rates decline Later ages of marriage, careers outside child rearing and domestic work, decreased need of children in indu strialized settings – Led to increased worry about aging populations and decreased worry about future impact of population growth – BUT, after a certain level of development the fertility increases again! – Fertility-opportunity hypothesis Food vs. fuel Precision farming – Soil erosion dropped, no-till seed planting – Drip irrigation, level fields (eliminate runoff) – Global positioning: efficient harvest, less chemicals Citizenship Citizenship: individual’s or group’s relationship to the state – Swear allegiance to the state – State provides benefits – People have obligations in return – Ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not – Can be changed by individual or state – Potentially more inclusive concept than ethnicity or national identity – Three (ethnicity, citizenship, national identity) are often connected—an ethnic group forms the nation, and they represent the citiz ens of a country Nationalism – Nationalism as a pride in one’s people and belief in sovereign destiny Seek to create or preserve one’s own nation (political group) through an independent state – Sovereignty is thus key – Example: Great Britain – Governments determine nationality – 1707 – The United Kingdom came into existence – Yet there was no British nation since the people of the English isles were thinking of themselves as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish. – Propagation of the dominant English culture and language through the years created a sense of English identity. – During the 19th century non-English cultures were suffocated. Global fundamentalism Return to traditional religious values as a reaction to modernity and global culture – Restoration of sacred tradition as basis for society – Cultural authenticity vs universalizing global culture – Global phenomenon – Modern ph enomenon – Fundamentalism vs globalization or fundamentalism as part of globalization? AIDS – Peaked in 2005 with 3. 4 million deaths – ~35 million infected – 14,500 new infections daily – Approximately 8000 deaths daily (3million/year) – > 90% new infections in Global South – Global responses – Millennium Development Goal 6 – Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Government-subsidized antiretroviral medications (Brazil, Argentina etc) – Samaritan’s Purse – The importance of Global Health Partnerships – Improving access to medicines – Financing health activities – BUT, primarily â€Å"vertical† (focus on specific diseases, and development/distribution of medicines) – Retroactive: does not focus on improving health care systems and primary care – Multiplicity of donors and actors: not aligned with government priorities International Organized Crime †“ Effort to exploit mechanisms of globalization – Transportation and communications technology Aided by deregulation – Possible through corruption of authorities, unethical practices of individuals and corporations – Extremely large profits (and high risk) – Global cities are main areas of activity (New York, London, Tokyo, etc. ) – Using financial services to disguise criminal activities – Defy the state, offer parallel black market structure Deforestation – Increases contact between humans and pathogens – Decreases natural predators of diseases vectors – Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) (mosquitos) – Loss of biodiversity Arms Trafficking Lack of international treaty regulating legal arms trade – Illegal arms trade – Arms fuel conflict and crime – $60 billion a year industry – Lack of transparent data – UN: attempt to â€Å"crush illicit trade of small ar ms† – Cold War – Preoccupation with nuclear arms control – Small arms were not as widely disseminated – End of Cold War – Small arms â€Å"surplus† – Warsaw Pact/NATO upgrades – Difficulty in negotiations? – U. S. position – Nuclear weapons easier to negotiate Human trafficking – Labor trafficking – Sex trafficking – Victims are primarily women and children – Organ trafficking Trafficking of babies and pregnant women – Baby farm in Nigeria: sold for illegal adoption or for use in ritual witchcraft Child Soldiers Slavery – â€Å"A slave is a human being forced to work through fraud or threat of violence for no pay beyond subsistence. † (Benjamin Skinner) – â€Å"Do you want a job? † – Modern slavery: – More slaves now than ever before in history, 27 million – Each year 50,000 children and teenagers enter the US against their w ill for purposes of sexual slavery (CIA est. ) – Over 2 million trafficked slaves forced into prostitution and labor around the world 10 million slaves in South Asia (many through more than one generations) until they pay off their â€Å"debt† – 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti Small arms – Over half a million people are killed each year with small arms across the world – In the United States 34,000 people are killed per year by small arms – The cost of small arms on public health, in Latin America at 14% of GDP, 10% of GDP in Brazil, and 25% of GDP in Colombia. – Registered homicide rates for Colombia, the United States, Brazil, and Venezuela among males aged 15–24 have doubled in the last ten yearsMonocultures – The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years. – It is widely used in modern industrial agricu lture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. – Monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen Sustainable agriculture – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture Environmental change and conflict – http://www. accord. org. za/downloads/ct/ct_2011_2. pdf Environmental security Environmental change is an important source of social conflict – Many societies face more dangers from environmental change than from traditional military threats – Security policies must be redefined to take account of these new realities – Only by framing the environmental problem in security terms can the necessary level of governmental attention and social mobilization be ensured – Security institutions could contribute directly to environmental protection, given their financial resources, monitoring and intelligence-gathering capabilities, and scientif ic and technological expertise – Is there enough evidence to support the claim that ecological change is, or will be, a major new source of conflict? – Proponents: – Environmental scarcities are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the developing world. These conflicts are probably the early signs of an upsurge of violence in the coming decades that will be induced or aggravated by scarcity – Opponents – Environmental problems are a symptom of conflict-prone social systems rather than a root cause of conflict – Are the advantages of linking environmental problems to security concerns worth the risk of militarizing a society's responses to environmental problems? Risks undercutting the globalist and common fate understanding that may be necessary to solve the problem – If pollution a national security problem, then pollution by other countries worse than home born – It is analytically misleading to think of environmental degradation as a national security threat. – Environmental degradation and violence are very different types of threats – Organizations that provide protection from violence differ greatly from those in environmental protection – Military organizations are secretive, extremely hierarchical and centralized, and normally deploy vastly expensive, highly specialized and advanced technologies – Is environmental security an idea with more appeal in the North than the South? An excuse to continue the North's longstanding practice of military and economic intervention – Focus on the South is a way for the North to deny its own responsibility – Calls to link the environment with security raise deep suspicions about ulterior motives Concern, contractual environment, capacity – da fuk? Fertility opportunity hypothesis – Fertility follows perceived economic opportunity – Against food aid, and development Transnational organized crime groups – Operate above and below the state – Create demand – Reach to the marginalized, impoverished and other â€Å"losers† of globalization – Use market strategies: – Hierarchically structured – Strategic alliances – investing/laundering capital – New growth areas (ex. umping toxic waste in developing countries and then negotiating lucrative contracts for the cleanup industry) – R&D – Modern accounting systems, information technologies, insuring against risk Global health partnerships Global food crisis – Enough food in the world to feed everyone but†¦ – 925 million people experience hunger – 2/3 of these people are in Asia and the Pacific region – Highest concentrations in India, China, DRC, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia – 5 million children under 5 die of hunger in developing countries – Charity may help immediate problem but is no long-term sustainable solution – Causes for food crisis 1: Natural disasters – Floods, tropical storms, and, especially, long droughts – More common and more intense (global warming) – Wars – Population displacement – Famine used as a weapon – Fields and water wells mined or contaminated – Poverty trap – Lack of seed money, land and agricultural education – Trapped in poverty by hunger – Causes for food crisis 2: – Lack of agricultural infrastructure – Lack of roads, irrigation systems, warehouses – Emphasis on urban development – Overexploitation of the environment – Poor farming practices – Deforestation – Overcropping – Overgrazing – Economic downturns FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Policy and technical assistance to developing countries for food security, nutrition and agriculture – Forum for negotiation of a greements and debate on policies Fukuyama (the end of history) – Francis Fukuyama, â€Å"The End of History† – â€Å"The triumph of the West†¦an unabashed victory of economic & political liberalism†¦& the total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism. † – Liberal democracy will make the world safer – Democracies do not go to war against each other – Globalization – interdependence – Great faith in International Organizations – Washington Consensus – Critics: – Environmentalists – Marxists – Anarco-capitalism – Etc.